海洋初级生产力的结构

海洋初级生产力的研究发展到今天,其内涵和信息已不是一个简单的量值所能表达得了的,必须建立起一个能够反映其生态学意义的关于生产力结构的概念。在这个概念中,初级生产力的结构归纳为以下4个方面:(1)组分结构,即不同类群生产者(包括自养微生物、各类浮游植物等)对初级生产力贡献的比例;(2)粒级结构,即不同粒径级(<2μm,2—20μm,>20μm)生产者对初级生产力贡献的比例;(3)产品结构,即初级生产产品中颗粒有机碳(POC)和溶解有机碳(DOC)的分配比例;(4)功能结构,即新生产力占总初级生产力的比例。     

海洋工程中极值水位估计的一种条件分部联合概率方法

在海洋工程建设(如港口建设、沿岸工程和海上平台建筑等)中,必须对正常条件(即作业条件)和极端条件(即恶劣环境条件)下的海洋环境参数作出估计。对于海洋水位而言,如《港口工程规范》(以下简称《规范》)中的设计水位和乘潮水位等即属于前者,校核水位即属于后者。正常条件下的水位参数比较容易确定,因为这种条件下的观测数据比较容易获得,有比较丰富的已知资料。极值水位是指若干年内オ有可能出现的高水位或低水位,例如在《规范》中要求50年一遇的水位作为校核水位。所以如依靠直接观测,必须具备至少几十年的观测资料,这一要求只有在有长期验潮站的港口オ能达到。如资料系列不够长,则必须采用一定的方法对它们的数值作出估计。 在有相当长期观测资料的情况下,常常采用极值分布的方法,即每年取一个最高(或最低)水位,然后拟合某种理论或经验的分布曲线,从而得出不同重现期的极高(或极低)水位。这种方法所得结果比较可靠(但也不是没有问题,详见第五节),但对资料要求高，特别在新建港口或海上工程,常常不能采用。 在有数年观测资料的情况下,可以采用同步差比法(见《规范》)。当拟建港和主港潮汐性质和风暴潮特性相近,特别是两地距离较近时,这种方法常常能给出良好的结果,不失为一种有效的方法,但其应用受到一定的条件限制 近年来,国外提出了一种“联合概率法”(Pugh and Vassie,1978,1980)。这种方法把水位中的潮汐水位(这里指的是可用调和方法预报的潮位,其中也包括周期性的气象潮)和余水位(即实测水位减去预报水位)分开,分别求其分布,然后再用联合概率法回过来求合成水位的分布,从而得出极值水位高度。这种方法的优点是能够充分利用水位观测资料,因而可以在观测时间较短的情况下得出比传统方法更稳定的结果。在Pugh和Vassie所提出的方法中,潮汐和余水位被看作是互相独立的。这一假定在深水海区较接 近实际,但在某些浅海区则与实际有较大出入。例如Pugh和Vassie发现,对位于泰晤士河的绍森德港,由联合概率法按上述假定得出的百年一遇的高水位比由传统极值分布方法得出的数值大约高60cm;而传统方法的结果与49年期间观测到的最高水位较接近。Pugh和Vassie在后来的文章中对绍森徳港的问题作了专门处理,得出较合理的结果,但基本上是采用经验的方法,在一般实际中使用是困难的。 为了考虑潮汐和余水位的这种相关性,我们曾将联合概率法予以推广,提出了条件分布联合概率法(方国洪、王骥,1987)。这种方法不论潮汐和余水位是否相互独立均可应用,具有更强的适应性。本文根据该文的基本想法,选择了我国沿海资料较长,并具有较好代表性的10个长期验潮站共286年的潮汐逐时记录,进行了分析研究,对该文提出的方法作了修改和补充。     

胶州湾浮游生物群落NH4+-N的吸收与再生通量

通过4个季节(1991年11月—1992年7月)的现场实验观测,初步研究了胶州湾表层浮游生物群落的NH_4~+-N吸收、再生通量的有关问题。结果表明,NH_4~+-N吸收、再生通量的季节变化为:夏季>春、秋季>冬季;周日变化为:吸收通量在白天大于夜间,再生通量夜间大于白天;全年平均,吸收通量为0.073μ mol/(L·h),再生通量为0.053μ mol/(L·h),再生通量始终小于吸收通量;NH_4~+-N的周转时间最长为16.34d(冬季),最短为0.68d(夏季);吸收通量主要来自Picoplankton(占总量的46％—57％);NH_4~+-N吸收具有光依赖性,不同粒级的光依赖顺序为:Netplankton>Nanoplankton>Picoplankton。     

Influence of Virus upon the Marine Bacterial Metabolism and Its Biogeochemical Effects

Viruses are by far the most abundant entities in marine environments, and are mainly phages that infect bacteria and archaea, which also are a significant component of marine ecosystem and a major force behind marine biogeochemical cycles. As a major source of mortality, viral lysis can release highly labile cellular components, both organic matters and inorganic nutrients, regulating the metabolism of its hosts and influencing the biogeochemical cycles. During infection, viruses could hijack the metabolic system of hosts for its own propagation, thereby changing the metabolism and metabolites of host cells. This paper summarized the effects of viruses on the metabolism of marine bacterioplankton at both the cellular and community level, and its influence on the cycling of ocean elements. Then, the potential impact of environmental factors was assessed on the influence of viruses upon bacterial metabolism. This paper will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the role of microbes within marine biogeochemical cycles.     

An anionic biopolymer γ-polyglutamate enhanced the microbially induced carbonate precipitation for soil improvement: mechanical behaviors and underlying mechanism

The use of biopolymer to improve the performance of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP)-treated sands is a novel and eco-friendly concept. This work found an anionic biopolymer, γ-polyglutamate (γ-PGA), could significantly improve the performance of MICP-treated sands. Comparing the control with absence of γ-PGA, the concentration of 0.1–9 g/L γ-PGA increased the compressive strength of MICP-treated sands by 1.54–3.96 times and significantly reduced the brittleness. The MICP process analysis and microstructural detection demonstrated that γ-PGA in the specimens provided many nucleation sites and templates for calcite generation, partially kept the bacterial urease activity by replacement of the bacteria as nucleation sites, thereby improving the calcite generation. The γ-PGA also cemented sand grains with calcite through the hydrogen bond-type intermolecular interactions. Both the calcite generation and the hydrogen bond-type intermolecular interactions by γ-PGA played vital roles in enhancing MICP for soil improvement. Additionally, γ-PGA, as a viscoelastic admixture between the crystals and sand grains, effectively dissipated the energy of stress and thus reduced the brittleness of MICP-treated sands. This is the first report on the application of anionic biopolymer to MICP technology. It provides a novel concept in promoting the efficiency and sustainability of MICP.

     

Microcrystalline dolomite in a middle Permian volcanic lake: Insights on primary dolomite formation in a non-evaporitic environment

Lacustrine dolomite nucleation commonly occurs in modern and Neogene evaporitic alkaline lakes. As a result, ancient lacustrine microcrystalline dolomite has been conventionally interpreted to be formed in evaporitic environments. This study, however, suggests a non-evaporitic origin of dolomite precipitated in a volcanic–hydrothermal lake, where hydrothermal and volcanic processes interacted. The dolomite occurs in lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Santanghu intracontinental rift basin, north-west China. Dolostones are composed mainly of nano-sized to micron-sized dolomite with a euhedral to subhedral shape and a low degree of cation ordering, and are interlaminated and intercalated with tuffaceous shale. Non-dolomite minerals, including quartz, alkaline feldspars, smectite and magnesite mix with the dolomite in various proportions. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.704528 to 0.705372, average = 0.705004) and δ²⁶Mg values (−0.89 to −0.24‰, average = −0.55‰) of dolostones are similar to those of mantle rocks, indicating that the precipitates mainly originated from fluids that migrated upward from the mantle and were subject to water–rock reactions at a great depth. The δ¹⁸O values (−3.1 to −22.7‰, average = −14.0‰) of the dolostones indicate hydrothermal influence. The trace and rare earth element concentrations suggest a saline, anoxic and volcanic–hydrothermally-influenced subaqueous environment. In this subaqueous environment of Lucaogou lake, locally high temperatures and a supply of abundant Mg²⁺ from a deep source induced by volcanic–hydrothermal activity formed favourable chemical conditions for direct precipitation of primary dolomite. This study's findings deepen the understanding of the origin and processes of lacustrine primary dolomite formation and provide an alternative possibility for environmental interpretations of ancient dolostones.     

Study on the hydraulic parameter differences between pumping and recharge in a confined aquifer of a soft soil area

Artificial recharge is an effective remediation measure for controlling groundwater level and subsidence in many coastal cities in China. Hydraulic parameters estimated by pumping tests are often used in the design of both pumping and recharge systems. However, the hydraulic parameters in the recharge process have been found to differ from those in the pumping process and should be studied in greater detail. Eight single-well pumping and recharge tests were conducted within a confined aquifer in a soft soil area in the city of Tianjin, and the differences in wellbore storage influences and well losses between the recharge and pumping processes were examined. Furthermore, based on the Hantush and Jacob model, an algorithm combining the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LMA) and genetic algorithm (GA) was employed for estimation of the hydraulic parameters. The results illustrated that the combined algorithm eliminating wellbore storage influences could provide hydraulic parameters from which the groundwater level variation could be accurately simulated. The hydraulic conductivity and specific storage values obtained in the pumping tests were higher than those obtained in the recharge tests. In addition to slight plugging of the recharge well, the specific storage differences could be explained by the compression and rebound deformation characteristics of sand in the confined aquifer. The specific storage estimated by pumping tests should be adjusted when applied in groundwater recharge calculation.

     

Strong Seismic Activity of the Terskey Ala-Too Range Adyrs,Northern Tien Shan,in the Holocene from Radiocarbon Analysis Data

Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth - Abstract—We studied historical and paleoseismic deformations in the southern Issyk-Kul depression—on the territory of adyrs (piedmonts) of the...     

A coupled high-resolution hydrodynamic and cellular automata-based evacuation route planning model for pedestrians in flooding scenarios

Flooding is now becoming one of the most frequent and widely distributed natural hazards, with significant losses to human lives and property around the world. Evacuation of pedestrians during flooding events is a crucial factor in flood risk management, in addition to saving people’s lives and increasing time for rescue. The key objective of this work is to propose a shortest evacuation path planning algorithm by considering the evacuable areas and human instability during floods. A shortest route optimization algorithm based on cellular automata is established while using diagonal distance calculation methods in heuristic search algorithms. The Morpeth flood event that occurred in 2008 in the UK is used as a case study, and a highly accurate and efficient 2D hydrodynamic model is adopted to discuss the flood characteristics in flood plains. Two flood hazard assessment approaches [i.e., empirical and mechanics-based and experimental calibrated (M&E)] are chosen to study human instability. A comprehensive analysis shows that extreme events are better identified with mechanics-based and experimental calibration methods than with an empirical method. The result of M&E is used as the initial condition for the Morpeth evacuation scenario. Evacuation path planning in Morpeth shows that this algorithm can realize shortest route planning with multiple starting points and ending points at the microscale. These findings are of significance for flood risk management and emergency evacuation research.

     

Spatiotemporal variation of flash floods in the Hengduan Mountains region affected by rainfall properties and land use

Natural Hazards - Understanding the spatiotemporal characteristics of flash floods is important for reasonable and accurate identification of high-risk regions and for prediction of future...